Abstract:
The shoreline has dynamic characteristics since it experiences several coastal processes resulting in progradation and retrogradation. The shoreline is a sensitive environment where human activities interact with the natural environment. Therefore, this study examines the spatiotemporal shoreline dynamics in the east coast of Ampara District, Sri Lanka, for the periods of 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021. It also aims to forecast the state of 2031 and 2041 coastlines to show the intensity of shoreline changes due to erosion and accretion in the study area. The shoreline of each year was delineated using the Google Earth Pro images having freed the geometric errors. To validate the position of the shoreline, 50 random ground truth points were pinpointed with the GPS tool based on the natural and human-made permanent aspects. The extracted shorelines were inserted to the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) tool, customized in ArcGIS 10.3. The statistical methods, such as Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR), and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) (R2 = 0.986) were computed to show the intensity of the shoreline changes. The Kalman filter model was used to predict the future trend of shoreline movement in the study area. The highest and lowest NSM rate was calculated as −300.3 m/year to −171.4 m/year in the Oluvil area and 224.1–395 m/year in the port and closest point of the port in the southward direction respectively. EPR was recorded as 8 m/year to 13.4 m/year southward of the port and in −10.2 m/year to −5.6 m/year northward of the port. The LRR was computed northward of the port where the erosion is anomalous at a rate of −5.6 m/year to −9.2 m/year and the beach advances at a rate of 19.01 m/year, whereas the accumulation was recorded as 8.9 m/year to 15.9 m/year. In 2031, the erosion would be approximately 61.4 ha meanwhile the accretion would be 33.4 ha. In 2041, at the study area the approximate erosion would be 81.7 ha whereas the accretion would be 44.9 ha. According to the forecast, in the next two decades, the erosion and accretion rate would be anomalous unless protective measures are implemented. Therefore, it is crucial to protect the coastal habitats in Ampara with the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) process in order to mitigate the climatic and/or anthropogenic vulnerabilities.
