Abstract:
Given the current problem of global food shortages, which are escalating due
to climate change, the use of smart greenhouse systems is becoming
increasingly important. These controlled environments allow for precise
control of the microclimate, resulting in higher crop yields per square meter
compared to traditional outdoor farming. This project aimed to improve
existing manual systems by developing a smart greenhouse monitoring
system using IoT technologies using low-cost IoT devices powered by solar
energy. The system enables continuous monitoring of the natural
environmental parameters in the greenhouse and integrates various sensors
such as DHT11, YL-69, BH1750, MQ135, MQ2 and MQ4 sensors with
microcontrollers such as Arduino Uno and NodeMCU ESP8266. The
system's architecture enables continuous data transmission into the IoT cloud
platform, with a SIM900A GSM module sending messages to the user when
adverse conditions occur. Thorough testing confirmed accurate
measurements of temperature (DHT11), humidity (DHT11), soil moisture
(YL-69), light intensity (BH1750) and air quality parameters (MQ135, MQ2
and MQ4) and there were significant differences between units, particularly
in temperature and humidity as indicated by the mean absolute error values,
and soil moisture was different compared to manual readings (±8%), proving
this system accuracy and reliability for on-farm and off-farm monitoring.
Innovative features include the use of solar energy and the development of
an IoT monitoring system. Future research could also focus on system
optimization, additional sensor integration, mobile application development,
and integration of real-time actuator feedback and these efforts would
contribute to advances in smart greenhouse monitoring and IoT technologies.
