Abstract:
The historical development of marginalised communities is a complex process shaped by centuries
of exclusion, resistance, and gradual empowerment. Across regions and periods, various groups—
including Dalits, Adivasis, women, religious minorities, persons with disabilities, and LGBTQIA
individuals have faced systemic social, economic, and political marginalisation. This abstract traces
the historical trajectory of these communities, highlighting key moments of institutionalised
oppression such as caste hierarchies, colonisation, slavery, and patriarchal norms. Simultaneously,
it foregrounds the enduring struggles for dignity, rights, and representation, including social reform
movements, constitutional safeguards, affirmative action policies, and grassroots activism. By
analysing both oppression and resistance, this study provides a critical understanding of how
historical processes continue to influence the present realities of marginalised groups. The paper
also explores the intersectionality of marginalisation and the evolving role of the state, civil society,
and global human rights discourses in shaping inclusive development.
