Role of rhizosphere and endophytic microbes in alleviation of biotic and abiotic stress in plants

Abstract

The role of rhizosphere and endophytic microbes in agriculture is substantial in many ways such as adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions (biotic and abiotic stresses), enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation, promoting plant growth, alleviating mental stress, and reducing metal phytotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms behind stress alleviation in host plants through the process of beneficial interaction by the rhizosphere and endophytic microorganisms are crucial in the management of stress conditions. At present, many biotechnological approaches are in use to enhance the effectiveness of rhizosphere and endophytic microbes.